Proving Electronic Records: Certificates, Presumptions and Witnesses
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Unit K1 (The Admissibility Map) gave you five gates. This unit is about gate 2, authenticity, and the part of gate 4 that deals with copies. It shows the routes a party can take, and where the other side can test each one.
Focus: three things to prove, four routes, and one country's case law as a long worked example. This unit is general knowledge. It is not legal advice. Rules of professional conduct differ by country, so check with your own bar or regulator.
Learning objectives
- Say what must be shown before a court relies on an electronic record.
- Compare proof by witness, by certificate, by the record's own features and by presumption.
- Explain what a certificate can do, and what it cannot.
- Prove, or test, a chat message or a screenshot.
- Follow one country's line of rulings on certificates from 2005 to 2026.
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